REFERENCES

Fluoride-No Reason to Smile (Issue 17)
Robert Schecter

Footnotes:

Lead and Arsenic quote
www.salon.com/news/1999/02/17news.html
Fear of Fluoride
BY MARK HERTSGAARD AND PHILLIP FRAZER
2000
Accessed 1/09/07

www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html
drinking water contaminants – 9/27/07
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) - The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards.
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) - The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are non-enforceable public health goals
Fl 4mg/liter
Ld mcl 0.015 mg/L.
arsenic - 0.010/ltr

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Sources of fluoride
Apatite
http://www.bfsweb.org/facts/tech_aspects/chemsmanufac.htm
british fluoridation society

DHHS national toxicology program
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPDF/Fluorosilicates.pdf

Insecticide
http://www.epa.gov/EPA-PEST/2004/January/Day-23/p1540.htm

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Fluorosis Numbers

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF WATER FLUORIDATION
An Update of the 1996 Federal-Provincial Sub-committee Report
Prepared under contract for:
Public Health Branch, Ontario Ministry of Health
First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada
Submitted by:
Dr David Locker
Community Dental Health Services Research Unit
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto

November 15, 1999

Page 5
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ADA warns babies, “Don’t drink the water.”
http://www.mothering.com/sections/news_bulletins/november2006.html#fluoride

It Probably Doesn’t Work
1st Paragraph

Nature. 1986 Jul 10-16;322(6075):125-9
The mystery of declining tooth decay.
Diesendorf M.

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Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 1997 Autumn;41(1):29-44
Why I changed my mind about water fluoridation.
Colquhoun J.
School of Education, University of Auckland, New Zealand.

2nd Paragraph

November 15, 1999

Page 14 - “crude and subject to a number of methodological flaws”
P 14, 25, 26 non significant
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Philip R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 2nd ed., (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1960), p.

3rd Paragraph

M. S. McDonagh et al., "Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation," British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (October 7, 2000): 855-859.

DMFS

Brunelle JA. Carlos JP. Recent trends in dental caries in U.S. children and the effect of water fluoridation. Journal of Dental Research 1990 Feb; 69 (Spec No): 723-727

Eruption

J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1995 Spring;19(3):225-8.
Fluoridated drinking water and maturation of permanent teeth at age 12.

Campagna L, Tsamtsouris A, Kavadia K
Girls from the fluoridated Boston area were shown in this study to have a significantly (p<0.05) delayed dental age when compared to their chronological age
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Stomatol DDR. 1976 May;5:310-21. [Cross-sectional comparison of the median eruption time for permanent teeth in children from fluoride poor and optimally fluoridated areas]
Kunzel VW.

Nearly 57000 children (aged from 4 years, 4 months to 15 years, 9 months) of Karl-Marx-Stadt (1.0 ppm F) and Plauen (0.2 ppm F) were examined to compare the mean eruption times of permanent teeth before and after 12 years of water fluoridation. The delayed eruption of all premolars in children of the area with optimally fluoridated water was the only systematic effect which could be detected.

paste
Evid Based Dent. 2005;6(2):32.
Strong evidence that daily use of fluoride toothpaste prevents caries.
Topping G, Assaf A.
Dental Health Services Research Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.

RESULTS: Fifty-four studies were included. There was strong evidence for a caries-preventive effect of daily use of fluoride toothpaste compared with placebo in the young permanent dentition (PF, 24.9%; standard deviation, +/-11.5%).

PG33
Fluorides and Dental Carries –
Ernest Newbrun
Charles C Thomas Publisher – Springfield, Illinois – 2nd ed 1975

J Am Dent Assoc. 1962 Feb;64:216-24.
Effect of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on caries reduction in children during a three-year study period.
MUHLER JC.

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Exposure from Toothpaste

http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2204&page=125 Accessed 4/10/07
It has been calculated that the amount of fluoride ingested with toothpaste (or mouth rinse) by children who live in a community with optimally fluoridated water, who have good control of swallowing, and who brush (or rinse) twice a day is approximately equal to the daily intake of fluoride with food, water, and beverages.
National Research Council Committee on Toxicology. Health effects of ingested fluoride. National Academy Press, 1993.
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Chicken

http://jada.ada.org/cgi/content/abstract/128/7/857?ck=nck "[W]e found that infant foods containing chicken were high in fluoride. Thus, any infants who regularly eat more than a couple of ounces of infant foods containing high-fluoride-content chicken would be at elevated fluorosis risk."
SOURCE: Heilman JR, et al. (1997). Fluoride concentrations of infant foods. Journal of the American Dental Association 128(7):857-63
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Grape Juice

Jan G. Stannard et al., "Fluoride levels and fluoride contamination of fruit juices," The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1991, pp. 38-40.

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Arthritis

"Possibly some cases of pain diagnosed as rheumatism or arthritis may be due to subclinical fluorosis which is not radiologically demonstrable."
SOURCE: Cook HA. (1971). Fluoride studies in a patient with arthritis. The Lancet 1: 817.

The skeletal involvement is not clinically obvious until the advanced stage of crippling fluorosis... Such early cases are usually in young adults whose only complaints are vague pains noted most frequently in the small joints of the hands and feet, in the knee joints and in the joints of the spine. These cases are frequent in the endemic area and may be misdiagnosed as rheumatoid or osteo arthritis."
SOURCE: Singh A, Jolly SS. (1970). Chronic toxic effects on the skeletal system. In: Fluorides and Human Health. World Health Organization. pp. 238-249.

"The ligamentous calcification [of skeletal fluorosis] is often periarticular and shows as osteoarthritis of the spine and hip joints as well as of the sacro-iliac joints."

SOURCE: Kumar SP, Harper RA. (1963). Fluorosis in Aden. British Journal of Radiology 36: 497-502.

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Skeletal fluorosis estimates

Fluoride is incorporated into bone and may affect its biomechanical properties. Skeletal
fluorosis is a crippling disease associated with chronic exposures of > 10mg of fluoride
per day for at least ten years.
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NRC
P59-60
http://orsted.nap.edu/openbook/030904975X/html/59.html
Authors:
Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, National Research Council
National Research Council. Health effects of ingested fluoride. National Academy Press 1993.

crippling skeletal fluorosis might occur in people who have ingested 10-20mg of fluoride for 10 –20 years

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Fluoride Consumption Numbers

BMJ. 2000 October 7; 321(7265): 860–864.
Community water fluoridation, bone mineral density, and fractures: prospective study of effects in older women
Adults living in non-fluoridated areas have an estimated fluoride intake of 0.88-2.20 mg/day compared with 1.58-6.60 mg for adults in a fluoridated area

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Footnotes – Tips for teeth

Caries Theory

Pediatric dentistry 4th ed
Pinkham
Saunders – St. Louis Missouri - 2005
199 - caries
204 – 204 saliva

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The Juice

http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/dry-mouth-treatments
avoid acidic beverages, such as any fruit juices (orange, apple, grape, grapefruit) and tomato juice.
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J Can Dent Assoc. 1994 May;60(5):454-8.
The acidity (pH) and buffering capacity of Canadian fruit juice and dental implications.
Touyz LZ.

Division of Periodontics, McGill University, Montreal, QC.
Excessive consumption of acidic fruit juices is associated with dental morbidity. The pH and buffering capacities of fruit juices packaged and consumed in Canada were measured, and the implications on dental pathology of consuming juices of these qualities are discussed. Canadian fruit juices have a pH below the critical dissolving pH of enamel, and have buffering capacities similar to juices produced and consumed elsewhere in the world. Citrus, apple, and grape juice, or blends of these juices, are all potentially hazardous to teeth. Erosion, attrition, decay and dentinal hypersensitivity may all result from abusive juice drinking.